Home
Tennessee cattle prices Tennessee Weekly Cattle Auction Summary
Aug 14, 2023
Tennessee Weekly Cattle Auction Summary
Tennessee · USDA-reported Auction Livestock
Sale of Monday, August 14, 2023
8,546 head sold ·Official USDA report
light 5-weight M&L 1-2 heifers
$232.99/cwt
-0.96 vs last sale · ≈ $1,221/hd at 524 lb · 377 head
heavy 5-weight M&L 1-2 heifers
$232.05/cwt
+0.40 vs last sale · ≈ $1,348/hd at 581 lb · 300 head
heavy 6-weight M&L 1-2 steers
$250.80/cwt
+11.57 vs last sale · ≈ $1,675/hd at 668 lb · 278 head
Receipts
Head This sale Last sale Last year
Total receipts
8,546
8,980
6,729
Feeder cattle
6,837
7,233
5,361
Slaughter cattle
1,409
1,265
1,099
Replacement cattle
300
482
269
New to these tables? Plain-English explainers ↓
Feeder Steers
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
205–245
221
5
280.00–290.00
$284.95
$630
+7.03
250–295
269
16
247.50–295.00
$274.29
$738
+1.99
310 fancy
310
1
270.00
$270.00
$837
—
300–345
323
32
238.00–290.00
$265.63
$858
-9.35
350–398
378
36
233.00–290.00
$258.43
$977
-10.72
400–447
423
53
227.00–285.00
$262.46
$1,110
-5.52
450–495
474
95
231.00–280.00
$257.64
$1,221
-1.94
491–498 value added
494
5
278.00–279.00
$278.40
$1,375
+11.63
501–540 value added
516
45
258.00–280.50
$271.47
$1,401
-1.45
500–548
529
97
225.00–275.00
$249.35
$1,319
-3.24
550–599
572
212
218.00–271.00
$252.16
$1,442
+6.54
557–591 value added
573
60
252.00–276.00
$267.05
$1,530
+3.29
600–646
626
169
210.00–270.00
$248.13
$1,553
+6.49
602–648 value added
633
87
240.50–257.50
$252.79
$1,600
-3.28
655–695 value added
660
120
239.00–261.50
$259.64
$1,714
+13.37
650–695
674
158
210.00–257.00
$244.08
$1,645
+8.81
703–733 value added
720
25
218.00–246.00
$240.53
$1,732
-10.59
700–748
733
117
209.00–252.00
$244.50
$1,792
+14.94
752–780 value added
759
15
224.00–240.00
$232.81
$1,767
-7.67
750–783
771
121
215.00–247.00
$239.67
$1,848
+17.70
813 value added
813
55
244.75
$244.75
$1,990
+25.26
800–848
821
146
191.00–242.50
$234.92
$1,929
+25.82
850–870
859
114
220.00–245.00
$238.91
$2,052
+39.92
907 fancy
907
53
236.00
$236.00
$2,141
—
910
910
14
224.50
$224.50
$2,043
+19.62
973
973
2
191.00
$191.00
$1,858
-14.00
Medium and Large 2-3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
225
225
2
225.00–250.00
$237.50
$534
-26.80
285–295
289
4
240.00–275.00
$255.04
$737
+13.90
325–345
335
16
185.00–270.00
$223.74
$750
-28.40
355–395
373
10
180.00–260.00
$228.67
$853
-22.53
400–445
430
15
210.00–255.00
$234.83
$1,010
-8.70
450–495
469
28
180.00–265.00
$236.13
$1,107
+1.43
503–540
523
17
202.50–255.00
$230.50
$1,206
+7.33
538 value added
538
3
233.00
$233.00
$1,254
—
552–592
571
47
180.00–255.00
$225.07
$1,285
+6.87
600–645
626
20
180.00–240.00
$218.91
$1,370
+2.52
650–695
673
8
195.00–223.00
$210.89
$1,419
+3.15
700–730
712
17
176.00–220.00
$183.87
$1,309
-20.27
765–775
768
3
216.00–226.00
$221.31
$1,700
+34.43
801–835
802
61
204.00–235.00
$234.02
$1,877
—
855–875
862
3
180.00–182.50
$180.85
$1,559
—
980
980
1
170.00
$170.00
$1,666
—
Small 1-2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
300
300
1
215.00
$215.00
$645
-2.50
360
360
1
225.00
$225.00
$810
±0.00
425
425
1
197.50
$197.50
$839
-37.50
460–475
467
3
225.00–250.00
$233.30
$1,090
+33.30
570
570
1
215.00
$215.00
$1,226
+0.27
585
585
1
190.00
$190.00
$1,112
-24.73
Medium and Large 3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
330
330
1
235.00
$235.00
$776
—
390
390
1
220.00
$220.00
$858
±0.00
485
485
1
210.00
$210.00
$1,018
—
N/N/A ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
1250–1397
1348
3
164.00–170.00
$165.85
$2,236
—
Small 2-3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
555–563
560
3
220.00
$220.00
$1,232
—
↑ Back to top
Feeder Heifers
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
200–245
224
12
250.00–285.00
$272.78
$611
+25.87
252–295
275
19
206.00–280.00
$245.58
$675
+5.33
300–310 fancy
305
2
242.50–247.50
$244.96
$747
—
310–345
328
39
207.50–260.00
$235.98
$774
-3.24
350–398
376
93
205.00–261.00
$233.20
$877
+0.31
383 value added
383
3
252.50
$252.50
$967
±0.00
400–446
430
131
207.00–245.00
$229.94
$989
-2.56
412–444 value added
439
12
243.00–247.50
$246.80
$1,083
+7.05
441 fancy
441
4
229.00
$229.00
$1,010
-22.23
450–498
469
192
201.00–245.00
$226.56
$1,063
-4.72
465–479 fancy
472
8
252.00–255.00
$253.48
$1,196
-1.52
475–485
480
3
215.00–220.00
$217.51
$1,044
-6.64
490 value added
490
6
246.50
$246.50
$1,208
-1.55
515
515
1
216.00
$216.00
$1,112
-6.50
511–527 fancy
520
9
244.00–248.00
$245.75
$1,278
-0.25
512–535 value added
523
126
240.00–256.00
$250.09
$1,308
+11.51
500–549
525
241
199.00–240.00
$223.65
$1,174
-8.45
550–595
577
150
199.00–235.50
$220.61
$1,273
-10.58
570–585
578
2
205.00
$205.00
$1,185
-26.19
550–595 value added
585
148
225.00–246.25
$244.02
$1,428
+7.75
600–646
625
142
186.00–230.00
$211.77
$1,324
-14.23
607–644 value added
630
55
217.50–240.50
$231.91
$1,461
-10.29
650–695
667
96
183.00–224.00
$207.49
$1,384
-15.38
652–695 value added
688
114
192.00–236.50
$232.79
$1,602
-3.72
700–745
721
38
180.00–216.00
$197.89
$1,427
+26.89
725 value added
725
7
207.00
$207.00
$1,501
-24.17
753 value added
753
2
229.00
$229.00
$1,724
—
760–799
787
33
179.00–210.00
$195.63
$1,540
+5.24
803–845
826
10
169.00–200.00
$184.65
$1,525
+0.32
843 value added
843
2
185.00
$185.00
$1,560
—
863–895
871
5
177.00–180.00
$177.72
$1,548
-1.08
910–923
918
5
138.00–188.00
$156.24
$1,434
—
939 value added
939
6
184.50
$184.50
$1,732
—
Medium and Large 2-3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
205–245
232
9
225.00–245.00
$237.34
$551
-12.66
285–290
289
9
181.00–230.00
$222.86
$644
-8.54
300–345
325
15
182.50–245.00
$229.57
$746
-0.30
350–395
370
19
205.00–242.00
$223.51
$827
+4.37
400–443
432
27
197.00–236.00
$218.14
$942
-1.27
450–495
464
57
185.00–227.00
$213.21
$989
-6.52
500–545
523
86
150.00–220.00
$203.98
$1,067
-7.83
550–585
566
25
181.00–220.00
$203.74
$1,153
-2.88
602–635
623
45
180.00–226.00
$197.02
$1,227
-10.64
670–695
686
13
147.50–207.50
$185.27
$1,271
-13.62
703–740
716
7
140.00–195.00
$182.11
$1,304
-11.36
820
820
1
150.00
$150.00
$1,230
—
935
935
1
168.00
$168.00
$1,571
—
953
953
3
140.00
$140.00
$1,334
—
Medium and Large 1 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
557 value added
557
85
247.60
$247.60
$1,379
—
Small 1-2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
395
395
1
202.50
$202.50
$800
+39.50
435
435
1
214.00
$214.00
$931
-4.82
460–485
474
4
180.00–210.00
$197.26
$935
-8.74
500–525
513
2
210.00
$210.00
$1,077
-12.50
545
545
1
195.00
$195.00
$1,063
-27.50
560–590
575
2
205.00–210.00
$207.43
$1,193
—
695
695
1
165.00
$165.00
$1,147
—
Medium and Large 3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
205
205
1
200.00
$200.00
$410
—
355–365
360
2
218.00–220.00
$218.99
$788
—
405–425
415
3
187.50–213.00
$200.37
$832
-19.36
470
470
2
174.00–206.00
$190.00
$893
-15.03
510
510
1
182.50
$182.50
$931
—
Large 1 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
840 value added
840
2
175.00
$175.00
$1,470
—
883 value added
883
3
175.00
$175.00
$1,545
—
N/N/A ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
1165
1165
2
170.00
$170.00
$1,980
—
↑ Back to top
Feeder Bulls
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
220–245
229
4
265.00–300.00
$279.29
$640
+16.38
260–298
286
16
222.50–300.00
$260.39
$745
-8.50
305–345
333
13
232.50–290.00
$266.92
$889
+2.59
380 fancy
380
1
252.50
$252.50
$960
-25.00
350–395
382
63
220.00–290.00
$252.90
$966
-11.28
416 fancy
416
4
251.00
$251.00
$1,044
-27.92
400–446
429
70
194.00–277.50
$248.44
$1,066
-3.65
460
460
1
195.00
$195.00
$897
-48.17
450–495
469
121
215.00–265.00
$233.08
$1,093
-10.09
510–525 fancy
515
3
222.00–227.50
$223.87
$1,153
-31.13
500–545
523
118
180.00–265.00
$227.44
$1,190
-7.18
550–598
579
111
177.50–248.00
$221.76
$1,284
-5.45
600–648
632
67
180.00–235.00
$210.31
$1,329
-5.92
653–698
669
42
179.00–223.00
$208.45
$1,395
-1.99
700–740
723
32
165.00–214.00
$190.48
$1,377
-9.86
750–785
770
5
170.00–200.00
$185.07
$1,425
+4.63
800–845
820
5
140.00–182.50
$160.02
$1,312
-20.98
860–895
881
5
156.00–184.00
$165.11
$1,455
-10.39
930–935
933
2
172.00–203.00
$187.54
$1,750
—
Medium and Large 2-3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
307–340
320
5
222.50–240.00
$231.71
$741
-0.46
360–398
380
8
190.00–260.00
$235.19
$894
-4.51
405–447
429
37
185.00–257.50
$227.58
$976
-5.99
450–498
472
40
197.50–252.00
$218.30
$1,030
-10.43
500–545
526
55
162.00–235.00
$208.75
$1,098
-4.88
550–595
581
33
161.00–230.00
$205.76
$1,195
-3.95
600–640
611
9
160.00–210.00
$188.82
$1,154
-4.72
655–685
670
24
145.00–225.00
$190.02
$1,273
-0.48
700–745
728
6
155.00–205.00
$175.00
$1,274
+11.00
820
820
4
139.00
$139.00
$1,140
—
Small 1-2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
365–386
381
4
230.00–237.50
$235.70
$898
—
390
390
1
210.00
$210.00
$819
—
425–445
435
2
224.00–226.00
$225.02
$979
+34.02
465–495
478
7
190.00–234.00
$207.98
$994
—
500–510
505
2
150.00–215.00
$182.82
$923
-37.18
505
505
1
218.00
$218.00
$1,101
-2.00
580–587
584
8
165.00–200.00
$195.62
$1,142
-14.38
610–635
623
2
211.00–214.00
$212.47
$1,324
+2.47
675
675
1
195.00
$195.00
$1,316
—
Medium and Large 3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
410
410
1
180.00
$180.00
$738
—
475–495
485
2
207.50–222.00
$214.90
$1,042
—
655–690
673
2
160.00–190.00
$174.61
$1,175
—
740
740
1
140.00
$140.00
$1,036
—
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
Δ last sale
1690–1975
1833
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) N/A 2
1,950.00–2,030.00
$1,986.89
—
Small 2-3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
425
425
1
237.00
$237.00
$1,007
—
545
545
1
200.00
$200.00
$1,090
—
↑ Back to top
Slaughter Cows
Boner ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Dressing Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
865–1420
1159
80-85% 44
85.00–103.00
$95.37
$1,105
-11.76
1190
1190
80-85% 1
80.00
$80.00
$952
-27.13
860–1670
1219
80-85% 269
82.50–116.00
$106.40
$1,297
—
1250
1250
80-85% 1
109.00
$109.00
$1,362
-7.72
1065–1678
1317
80-85% 63
107.00–133.00
$117.16
$1,543
—
Lean ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Dressing Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
705–1415
951
85-90% 47
70.00–95.00
$83.67
$796
—
825–1535
1066
85-90% 174
62.00–110.00
$95.85
$1,022
—
920–1275
1094
85-90% 16
101.00–115.00
$106.79
$1,168
—
Breaker ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Dressing Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
1145
1145
75-80% 1
119.00
$119.00
$1,363
—
1010–1515
1322
75-80% 12
89.00–101.00
$96.45
$1,275
—
1035–1985
1415
75-80% 154
84.50–117.00
$107.78
$1,525
-9.59
1140–1835
1433
75-80% 41
107.00–130.00
$119.04
$1,706
+1.67
↑ Back to top
Slaughter Bulls
YG1 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
1055–1360
1227
12
110.00–122.00
$117.89
$1,447
—
915–2070
1496
18
108.00–124.00
$116.51
$1,743
+1.69
790–2120
1715
63
106.00–139.50
$128.97
$2,212
-0.49
1330–2415
1840
24
127.00–143.00
$135.09
$2,486
-1.20
↑ Back to top
Stock Cows
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
1000
1000
Young (2-4 yrs) Open 1
1,000.00
$1,000.00
1050
1050
(<2 yrs) Open 1
1,350.00
$1,350.00
Small 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
800
800
Young (2-4 yrs) Open 1
875.00
$875.00
↑ Back to top
Bred Cows
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
990 thin fleshed
990
Aged (>8 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 1
940.00
$940.00
990 thin fleshed
990
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 1
1,160.00
$1,160.00
1036
1036
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) 1st/2nd Stage (1-6 mo) 4
1,600.00
$1,600.00
925–1130
1043
Young (2-4 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 4
1,150.00–1,300.00
$1,235.74
960–1150
1073
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 3
975.00–1,150.00
$1,097.83
1073
1073
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 2
1,500.00
$1,500.00
1000–1200
1100
Young (2-4 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 3
1,200.00–1,950.00
$1,608.33
1150
1150
Young (2-4 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 1
1,450.00
$1,450.00
1155 thin fleshed
1155
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 3rd Stage (7-9 mo) 1
1,500.00
$1,500.00
1065–1385
1176
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 3rd Stage (7-9 mo) 4
1,250.00–1,500.00
$1,385.62
1045–1300
1190
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 4
1,050.00–1,325.00
$1,248.01
900–1450
1225
Aged (>8 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 4
900.00–1,650.00
$1,262.50
1000–1500
1240
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 5
1,300.00–1,525.00
$1,390.00
1345
1345
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 1st/2nd Stage (1-6 mo) 1
1,375.00
$1,375.00
1355
1355
Aged (>8 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 1
1,450.00
$1,450.00
1400
1400
Young (2-4 yrs) 3rd Stage (7-9 mo) 2
1,600.00–1,900.00
$1,750.00
1420
1420
Young (2-4 yrs) 3rd Stage (7-9 mo) 1
1,575.00
$1,575.00
1300–1675
1488
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 3rd Stage (7-9 mo) 2
1,350.00–1,900.00
$1,625.00
Small 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
800
800
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 1
925.00
$925.00
855
855
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 1
900.00
$900.00
895
895
Young (2-4 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 1
1,125.00
$1,125.00
1350
1350
Aged (>8 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 2
1,230.00–1,290.00
$1,260.00
Medium and Large 2-3 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
1060
1060
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 3rd Stage (7-9 mo) 1
1,275.00
$1,275.00
↑ Back to top
Bred Heifers
Small 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
800
800
(<2 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 1
1,025.00
$1,025.00
900
900
(<2 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 1
1,075.00
$1,075.00
↑ Back to top
Cow-Calf Pairs
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
Δ last sale
875–1300
1088
Young (2-4 yrs) Open 2
1,700.00–2,625.00
$2,252.87
+642.87
950–1205
1102
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 3
1,550.00–2,100.00
$1,835.70
—
1110
1110
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 1
2,100.00
$2,100.00
—
1175
1175
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 1
2,450.00
$2,450.00
—
—
—
Aged (>8 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 1
1,350.00
$1,350.00
—
—
—
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 2
1,975.00–2,150.00
$2,062.50
—
—
—
Aged (>8 yrs) Open 2
2,025.00–2,100.00
$2,062.50
—
—
—
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 2
1,650.00
$1,650.00
—
—
—
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 5
1,275.00–2,375.00
$1,795.00
—
—
—
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 2
1,650.00–2,025.00
$1,837.50
—
—
—
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 1
1,480.00
$1,480.00
—
—
—
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 3
1,675.00–2,025.00
$1,841.67
—
—
—
Young (2-4 yrs) Open 2
1,900.00–2,300.00
$2,100.00
—
—
—
Young (2-4 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 1
2,200.00
$2,200.00
—
—
—
Young (2-4 yrs) Open 2
1,375.00–1,720.00
$1,547.50
—
Small 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
Δ last sale
890
890
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 1
2,000.00
$2,000.00
—
↑ Back to top
Heifer Pairs
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
Δ last sale
—
—
Young (2-4 yrs) Open 1
1,310.00
$1,310.00
—
—
—
Young (2-4 yrs) Open 1
2,100.00
$2,100.00
—
↑ Back to top
Never miss the next Tennessee Weekly Cattle Auction Summary
Get a notification when the next report is published — with the price call, plus history and comparisons. Free to start.
Reading this report
What does "Medium and Large 1" mean?
USDA feeder grades describe frame size and muscle thickness, not quality of
the individual animal. "Medium and Large" is the frame score; the number is
muscle (1 = heaviest muscled). "Medium and Large 1–2" pens mix both muscle
scores — common across the Southeast.
What is $/cwt?
Dollars per hundredweight — per 100 lb of animal. A 500-lb calf at
$450/cwt brings 5 × $450 = $2,250. Lighter cattle usually bring more per
cwt but less per head.
Why are some prices per head?
Bred cows, cow-calf pairs, and some replacement classes sell by the
head, not by weight. We show those exactly as USDA reports them — a
$/head figure is never converted into $/cwt on this site.
Where do these numbers come from?
From the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service's Livestock Market News —
federal reporters at the sale. We publish each report in full and link the
official USDA document at the top of the page.
← Aug 7, 2023 · All 283 past reports ·
Aug 21, 2023 →
Compared to last week, feeder steers were mostly 5.00-8.00 lower, and feeder heifers were mostly steady to 5.00 lower. Buyers showed the best interest in long-weaned, preconditioned load lots offered throughout the week. Slaughter cows were mostly 1.00-3.00 lower, and slaughter bulls mostly steady to 1.00 lower.