Home
Mississippi cattle prices Mississippi Weekly Livestock Auction Summary
Sep 19, 2022
Mississippi Weekly Livestock Auction Summary
Mississippi · USDA-reported Auction Livestock
Sale of Monday, September 19, 2022
7,778 head sold ·Official USDA report
heavy 4-weight M&L 1 heifers
$150.51/cwt
+0.12 vs last sale · ≈ $707/hd at 470 lb · 106 head
heavy 5-weight M&L 1-2 steers
$164.38/cwt
-1.45 vs last sale · ≈ $942/hd at 573 lb · 100 head
light 5-weight M&L 1-2 steers
$169.28/cwt
-5.04 vs last sale · ≈ $878/hd at 519 lb · 99 head
Receipts
Head This sale Last sale Last year
Total receipts
7,778
8,050
8,886
Feeder cattle
6,263
6,454
6,616
Slaughter cattle
997
946
1,223
Replacement cattle
518
650
1,047
New to these tables? Plain-English explainers ↓
Feeder Steers
Medium and Large 1 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
250–299
277
32
170.00–216.00
$187.59
$520
-15.76
300–349
320
37
164.00–211.00
$192.65
$616
-12.98
350–399
373
59
160.00–211.50
$189.16
$706
-10.16
390 fancy
390
1
202.50
$202.50
$790
—
400–449
421
61
160.00–195.00
$177.44
$747
-13.34
450–499
474
75
156.00–194.00
$174.68
$828
-9.14
500–549
524
54
158.00–178.00
$165.83
$869
-7.60
550–599
572
51
145.00–171.00
$161.36
$923
-6.22
600–649
621
47
137.00–167.00
$155.93
$968
-4.10
650–699
674
21
140.00–159.00
$150.60
$1,015
-11.78
700–745
717
21
132.00–157.00
$144.59
$1,037
-3.42
750–795
766
11
130.00–158.00
$138.63
$1,062
-5.27
825
825
1
130.00
$130.00
$1,072
+36.16
855–865
860
2
140.00
$140.00
$1,204
+1.05
915–940
930
3
125.00–131.00
$128.65
$1,196
+8.65
950
950
1
125.00
$125.00
$1,188
—
1000–1010
1005
2
115.00–120.00
$117.49
$1,181
—
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
229–245
230
11
197.00–211.00
$209.65
$482
+39.76
250–295
284
4
130.00–195.00
$167.45
$476
—
300–345
313
13
140.00–199.00
$160.57
$503
-22.68
363–395
374
16
150.00–187.00
$162.52
$608
-19.64
363–392 value added
375
16
160.00–195.00
$183.57
$688
—
400–423 value added
410
7
168.00–192.50
$181.66
$745
-9.32
405–438
426
9
160.00–190.00
$179.86
$766
-7.24
450–498
476
29
135.00–187.00
$171.80
$818
-12.96
470–492 value added
487
34
163.00–181.25
$170.93
$832
-21.53
507–527 value added
515
49
164.50–174.00
$169.23
$872
-2.31
500–549
522
50
155.00–177.00
$169.33
$884
-6.48
553–585
565
35
139.00–174.00
$165.34
$934
+0.78
550–593 value added
577
65
151.00–174.25
$163.87
$946
-3.54
600–640
620
26
140.00–163.00
$158.91
$985
-4.31
620–648 value added
630
53
149.00–160.50
$156.67
$987
+5.27
650 value added
650
5
150.00
$150.00
$975
—
650–680
657
37
120.00–160.00
$155.18
$1,020
+8.96
720–745
733
2
111.00–146.00
$128.20
$940
-21.80
Medium and Large 2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
180
180
1
140.00
$140.00
$252
—
220–234
227
2
160.00–172.00
$165.81
$376
+4.93
260–295
276
5
130.00–182.00
$167.46
$462
—
300–345
330
15
134.00–190.00
$170.75
$563
-2.38
355–395
375
20
130.00–194.00
$177.56
$666
-3.74
400–445
422
28
100.00–180.00
$156.76
$662
-8.81
450–495
471
21
130.00–185.00
$162.61
$766
-2.21
500–545
528
14
140.00–160.00
$149.54
$790
-9.27
550–595
571
8
140.00–175.00
$154.42
$882
+1.16
600–645
629
5
124.00–145.00
$136.69
$860
-12.75
Medium and Large 3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
200–249
225
16
130.00–175.00
$158.13
$356
-1.56
250–299
275
16
132.00–175.00
$155.48
$428
-9.68
300–349
325
16
130.00–174.00
$157.19
$511
-14.08
350–399
376
12
135.00–176.00
$156.80
$590
-10.89
400–449
420
17
130.00–158.00
$143.67
$603
-3.91
450–499
477
6
130.00–150.00
$142.37
$679
+2.21
540
540
1
122.00
$122.00
$659
-21.51
550–599
575
16
120.00–148.00
$135.25
$778
-0.36
650–699
675
4
120.00–130.00
$125.18
$845
-1.71
840
840
1
115.00
$115.00
$966
—
↑ Back to top
Feeder Heifers
Medium and Large 1 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
40
40
1
152.00
$152.00
$61
—
195
195
1
150.00
$150.00
$292
-11.61
200–240
227
15
160.00–170.00
$163.07
$370
-5.53
250–299
278
48
145.00–178.00
$162.58
$452
-2.58
300–349
321
48
145.00–170.00
$159.63
$512
-3.33
350–399
375
65
140.00–172.00
$154.09
$578
-5.39
400–449
424
86
134.00–196.75
$158.30
$671
+5.04
450–499
470
105
135.00–165.00
$149.98
$705
-0.41
470 fancy
470
1
206.00
$206.00
$968
—
500–549
521
86
125.00–158.00
$145.09
$756
-1.79
550–599
571
59
125.00–157.00
$142.20
$812
-1.89
600–649
623
44
129.00–158.00
$138.21
$861
-2.39
650–699
671
18
120.00–146.00
$134.83
$905
-0.56
700–745
719
9
124.00–165.00
$136.10
$979
+2.62
755–795
775
5
98.00–130.00
$120.28
$932
-13.34
800
800
1
90.00
$90.00
$720
—
855
855
1
140.00
$140.00
$1,197
+20.00
900
900
1
90.00
$90.00
$810
—
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
175
175
2
152.50
$152.50
$267
—
215–245
240
12
148.00–185.00
$177.68
$426
+18.68
253–295
274
12
114.00–161.00
$154.20
$423
-0.33
325 value added
325
2
160.00
$160.00
$520
—
323–345
331
29
130.00–155.00
$143.49
$475
-12.96
353–383 value added
374
19
150.00–162.50
$158.37
$592
—
353–395
379
24
140.00–163.00
$149.67
$567
-11.29
404–445 value added
415
11
149.00–156.00
$153.95
$639
—
405–445
428
38
128.00–164.00
$153.98
$659
+0.27
450–485
465
30
135.00–156.00
$145.74
$678
-9.43
453–480 value added
473
24
151.50–159.00
$156.73
$741
+6.79
506–545 value added
523
37
143.75–157.50
$146.77
$768
-6.11
500–546
532
20
121.00–154.00
$144.27
$768
-17.61
550–593
571
27
115.00–150.00
$144.62
$826
+0.85
563–588 value added
573
33
135.00–158.50
$153.71
$881
+14.65
604–618 value added
609
6
162.50–163.00
$162.67
$991
+18.29
600–620
611
6
119.00–148.00
$135.57
$828
-5.55
655–685
664
19
110.00–143.00
$136.28
$905
-19.72
705–730
722
3
106.00–125.00
$118.81
$858
-2.68
728 value added
728
2
130.00
$130.00
$946
-3.50
770
770
1
104.00
$104.00
$801
-19.00
Medium and Large 2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
155–160
158
2
145.00–165.00
$155.16
$245
-11.70
225–245
238
3
125.00–148.00
$137.38
$327
+2.52
250–290
271
10
130.00–160.00
$139.86
$379
+2.38
310–345
327
11
116.00–156.00
$139.59
$456
-4.14
350–390
371
16
110.00–163.00
$142.22
$528
+1.72
400–435
419
16
90.00–157.00
$137.10
$574
-0.87
455–495
476
21
120.00–148.00
$133.79
$637
-4.55
500–545
522
8
120.00–140.00
$129.19
$674
-5.83
560–590
577
8
100.00–140.00
$128.59
$742
-2.57
600–648
636
6
120.00–130.00
$122.42
$779
-3.53
650–690
668
4
118.00–123.00
$121.26
$810
+2.76
700–705
703
2
116.00–125.00
$120.52
$847
-1.40
Medium and Large 3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
200–249
225
14
130.00–150.00
$141.09
$317
-1.85
250–299
275
16
130.00–150.00
$140.89
$387
-1.20
300–349
326
20
115.00–150.00
$131.92
$430
-8.36
350–399
372
9
123.00–140.00
$131.51
$489
-1.57
420–435
426
4
120.00–139.00
$128.52
$547
-3.79
450–499
472
17
110.00–140.00
$124.58
$588
-0.57
500–549
519
7
110.00–129.00
$122.24
$634
-0.48
600–649
625
6
104.00–122.00
$113.35
$708
—
Medium 2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
355
355
1
133.00
$133.00
$472
—
↑ Back to top
Feeder Bulls
Medium and Large 1 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
185
185
1
185.00
$185.00
$342
—
200–245
226
7
185.00–200.00
$191.80
$433
-8.68
250–295
272
17
172.00–240.00
$199.28
$542
-14.19
300–349
323
27
143.00–235.00
$172.71
$558
-28.89
350–399
372
45
135.00–206.00
$178.69
$665
+0.40
400–449
421
47
134.00–191.00
$168.78
$711
-6.18
450–499
473
55
114.00–187.00
$159.39
$754
-2.95
500–549
522
32
130.00–169.00
$150.04
$783
-3.25
550–599
573
38
120.00–161.00
$146.28
$838
-0.07
600–649
619
30
127.00–157.00
$143.38
$888
+5.56
665–680
670
4
132.00–143.00
$138.14
$926
+2.63
710–720
717
3
118.00–145.00
$131.77
$945
+8.77
750–770
760
2
128.00–132.50
$130.22
$990
+3.91
840
840
1
117.00
$117.00
$983
-11.00
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
180–190
186
7
165.00–200.00
$185.46
$345
—
230
230
5
210.00
$210.00
$483
+25.15
270–295
280
13
172.50–212.00
$196.33
$550
+17.60
300–330
309
5
151.00–199.00
$170.01
$525
-18.80
350–395
376
11
145.00–193.00
$176.86
$665
+1.20
400–430
414
8
125.00–169.00
$158.27
$655
-3.04
455–495
472
14
127.00–170.00
$157.24
$742
-5.21
500–540
519
30
132.00–167.00
$147.10
$763
-12.92
527 value added
527
3
142.00
$142.00
$748
-3.00
555
555
1
147.00
$147.00
$816
+4.15
625–635
630
2
125.00–139.00
$132.06
$832
-8.12
710
710
1
115.00
$115.00
$816
—
Medium and Large 2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
148
148
1
150.00
$150.00
$222
—
200–230
216
4
140.00–185.00
$170.52
$368
+3.67
255–296
280
13
140.00–193.00
$171.85
$481
-1.02
320–345
334
7
142.00–188.00
$169.55
$566
+6.65
355–395
376
8
146.00–180.00
$162.20
$610
+3.33
400–445
421
21
134.00–175.00
$151.77
$639
-3.47
450–495
472
14
150.00–169.00
$156.97
$741
+4.71
500–535
512
8
130.00–151.00
$140.59
$720
-0.22
555–595
576
7
135.00–146.00
$138.89
$800
+1.22
615–635
625
2
126.00–131.00
$128.54
$803
-4.80
655–685
671
6
119.00–136.00
$126.29
$847
-7.71
705
705
1
114.00
$114.00
$804
-15.00
780
780
1
120.00
$120.00
$936
-4.00
975
975
1
90.00
$90.00
$878
—
Medium and Large 3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
210–245
222
3
128.00–154.00
$143.16
$318
-6.84
380
380
2
142.00–148.00
$145.00
$551
-10.00
405–420
413
2
110.00–134.00
$122.22
$505
-19.04
515–545
526
4
110.00–132.00
$123.41
$649
+2.15
570–580
575
2
110.00–142.00
$125.86
$724
+1.06
↑ Back to top
Slaughter Cows
Lean ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Dressing Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
600–883
771
85-90% 30
20.00–48.00
$35.51
$274
—
660–1085
823
85-90% 88
10.00–67.00
$50.92
$419
—
780–1495
1054
85-90% 266
25.00–79.00
$67.82
$715
—
785–1370
1127
85-90% 32
72.00–85.00
$81.05
$913
-1.08
Boner ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Dressing Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
800–1600
1136
80-85% 151
58.00–86.00
$76.67
$871
-0.31
1000–1440
1265
80-85% 56
75.50–91.00
$80.96
$1,024
-3.34
Breaker ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Dressing Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
850–1730
1336
75-80% 21
60.00–80.00
$71.68
$958
—
1235–1835
1535
75-80% 8
75.00–79.50
$77.69
$1,193
—
↑ Back to top
Slaughter Bulls
YG1-2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
1045–1590
1312
9
76.00–98.00
$90.57
$1,188
—
1040–2145
1531
32
80.00–113.00
$99.28
$1,520
-5.19
1720–1730
1725
2
109.00–111.50
$110.25
$1,902
—
YG1 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
1000–2180
1542
26
80.00–115.00
$98.48
$1,519
—
1500–2160
1769
16
99.00–108.00
$104.92
$1,856
-1.45
YG2-3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
835–1445
1234
4
79.00–89.00
$83.52
$1,031
-5.41
YG2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
1455–1755
1605
2
72.00–79.00
$75.83
$1,217
—
YG1-3 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd Δ last sale
1220
1220
1
65.00
$65.00
$793
—
↑ Back to top
Stock Cows
Small 1 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
750–1100
925
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) Open 92
400.00–550.00
$488.92
Medium and Large 1 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
300–550 fancy
425
(<2 yrs) Open 36
400.00–900.00
$708.82
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd
830
830
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 1
68.00
$68.00
$564
830–1010
911
(<2 yrs) Open 4
95.00–119.00
$105.11
$958
785–1025
953
Young (2-4 yrs) Open 4
67.00–82.00
$75.20
$717
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
665–815
727
Young (2-4 yrs) Open 3
385.00–525.00
$474.27
Small 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
680
680
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 1
300.00
$300.00
↑ Back to top
Bred Cows
Small 1 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
750–1100
925
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 36
400.00–875.00
$644.95
750–1100
925
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) 2nd/3rd Stage (4-9 mo) 32
450.00–825.00
$702.87
Medium and Large 1 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
865
865
Young (2-4 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 1
650.00
$650.00
1045–1075
1060
Young (2-4 yrs) 1st/2nd Stage (1-6 mo) 4
1,175.00–1,200.00
$1,187.32
1005–1170
1097
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 1st/2nd Stage (1-6 mo) 3
1,000.00–1,225.00
$1,113.91
850–1350
1100
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) 2nd/3rd Stage (4-9 mo) 50
800.00–1,300.00
$1,075.16
1105–1265
1208
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 2nd/3rd Stage (4-9 mo) 3
1,300.00–1,425.00
$1,352.28
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
745
745
Aged (>8 yrs) 3rd Stage (7-9 mo) 1
350.00
$350.00
675–1045
860
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 2
450.00–885.00
$714.29
660–1135
875
Young (2-4 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 5
420.00–1,050.00
$736.05
690–1075
900
Young (2-4 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 4
450.00–1,025.00
$774.93
900–1045
973
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) 1st/2nd Stage (1-6 mo) 4
800.00–1,000.00
$907.46
900–1300
1100
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) 2nd/3rd Stage (4-9 mo) 28
850.00–1,410.00
$1,155.00
1110
1110
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 1st/2nd Stage (1-6 mo) 1
850.00
$850.00
980–1310
1139
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 6
840.00–1,000.00
$946.04
1070–1310
1158
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 3rd Stage (7-9 mo) 3
920.00–950.00
$940.76
1160
1160
Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 1
750.00
$750.00
Small 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
765–935
850
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 8
600.00–800.00
$710.00
730–975
853
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 2nd/3rd Stage (4-9 mo) 8
500.00–900.00
$728.74
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/cwt)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
≈ $/hd
965
965
Young (2-4 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 1
100.00
$100.00
$965
1000–1350
1168
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 7
70.00–85.00
$77.12
$901
1200
1200
Aged (>8 yrs) 3rd Stage (7-9 mo) 1
75.00
$75.00
$900
1205
1205
Aged (>8 yrs) 2nd Stage (4-6 mo) 1
75.00
$75.00
$904
1075–1330
1210
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 3
76.00–84.00
$80.96
$980
Medium and Large 2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
800
800
Young (2-4 yrs) 1st/2nd Stage (1-6 mo) 1
875.00
$875.00
885
885
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) 2nd/3rd Stage (4-9 mo) 1
920.00
$920.00
↑ Back to top
Bred Heifers
Medium 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
790–795
793
(<2 yrs) 1st Stage (1-3 mo) 2
850.00–900.00
$874.92
↑ Back to top
Cow-Calf Pairs
Medium and Large 1 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
Δ last sale
850–1300
1075
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) Open 20
1,100.00–1,350.00
$1,243.30
-7.86
1230–1410
1319
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 8
1,500.00–1,600.00
$1,551.94
+131.94
1320
1320
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 2
1,300.00
$1,300.00
-120.00
Small 1 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
Δ last sale
750–1100
925
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) Open 26
700.00–1,050.00
$917.10
-98.92
Medium and Large 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
Δ last sale
800–1100
954
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs) Open 13
1,000.00–1,185.00
$1,096.57
—
975–1100
1038
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 8
1,120.00–1,520.00
$1,332.05
—
1285 fancy
1285
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 1
2,500.00
$2,500.00
—
Small 1-2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
Δ last sale
725–900
813
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 6
710.00–1,050.00
$898.31
—
Medium and Large 2 ($/head)
Weight (lb)
Avg wt
Age Stage Head
Price range
Avg $
Δ last sale
955
955
Young (2-4 yrs) Open 1
600.00
$600.00
—
1525
1525
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs) Open 2
1,600.00
$1,600.00
—
↑ Back to top
Never miss the next Mississippi Weekly Livestock Auction Summary
Get a notification when the next report is published — with the price call, plus history and comparisons. Free to start.
Reading this report
What does "Medium and Large 1" mean?
USDA feeder grades describe frame size and muscle thickness, not quality of
the individual animal. "Medium and Large" is the frame score; the number is
muscle (1 = heaviest muscled). "Medium and Large 1–2" pens mix both muscle
scores — common across the Southeast.
What is $/cwt?
Dollars per hundredweight — per 100 lb of animal. A 500-lb calf at
$450/cwt brings 5 × $450 = $2,250. Lighter cattle usually bring more per
cwt but less per head.
Why are some prices per head?
Bred cows, cow-calf pairs, and some replacement classes sell by the
head, not by weight. We show those exactly as USDA reports them — a
$/head figure is never converted into $/cwt on this site.
Where do these numbers come from?
From the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service's Livestock Market News —
federal reporters at the sale. We publish each report in full and link the
official USDA document at the top of the page.
← Sep 12, 2022 · All 278 past reports ·
Sep 26, 2022 →
Compared to last week: Feeder steers sold steady to 10.00 lower. Feeder heifers sold steady to 6.00 lower. Slaughter cows sold steady. Slaughter bulls sold steady to 3.00 lower.